Anisotropic conductive film

ACAs developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with heat seal connectors by Nippon Graphite Industries, and ACFs by Hitachi Chemicals and Dexerials (formerly known as Sony Chemicals & Information Devices). Currently there are many manufacturers of heat seal connectors and ACAs, but Hitachi and Sony continue to dominate the industry in terms of market share. Other manufacturers of ACAs include 3m, Loctite, DELO, Creative Materials, Henkel, Sun Ray Scientific, Kyocera,, Three Bond, Panacol, and Btech.