Strain rate

The strain rate at some point within the material measures the rate at which the distances of adjacent parcels of the material change with time in the neighborhood of that point. It comprises both the rate at which the material is expanding or shrinking (expansion rate), and also the rate at which it is being deformed by progressive shearing without changing its volume (shear rate). It is zero if these distances do not change, as happens when all particles in some region are moving with the same velocity (same speed and direction) and/or rotating with the same angular velocity, as if that part of the medium were a rigid body. The strain rate is a concept of materials science and continuum mechanics, that plays an essential role in the physics of fluids and deformable solids. In an isotropic Newtonian fluid, in particular, the viscous stress is a linear function of the rate of strain, defined by two coefficients, one relating to the expansion rate (the bulk viscosity coefficient) and one relating to the shear rate (the 'ordinary' viscosity coefficient). The definition of strain rate was first introduced in 1867 by American metallurgist Jade LeCocq, who defined it as 'the rate at which strain occurs. It is the time rate of change of strain.' In physics the strain rate is generally defined as the derivative of the strain with respect to time. Its precise definition depends on how strain is measured. In simple contexts, a single number may suffice to describe the strain, and therefore the strain rate. For example, when a long and uniform rubber band is gradually stretched by pulling at the ends, the strain can be defined as the ratio ϵ {displaystyle epsilon } between the amount of stretching and the original length of the band: where L 0 {displaystyle L_{0}} is the original length and L ( t ) {displaystyle L(t)} its length at each time t {displaystyle t} . Then the strain rate will be where v ( t ) {displaystyle v(t)} is the speed at which the ends are moving away from each other. The strain rate can also be expressed by a single number when the material is being subjected to parallel shear without change of volume; namely, when the deformation can be described as a set of infinitesimally thin parallel layers sliding against each other as if they were rigid sheets, in the same direction, without changing their spacing. This description fits the laminar flow of a fluid between two solid plates that slide parallel to each other (a Couette flow) or inside a circular pipe of constant cross-section (a Poiseuille flow). In those cases, the state of the material at some time t {displaystyle t} can be described by the displacement X ( y , t ) {displaystyle X(y,t)} of each layer, since an arbitrary starting time, as a function of its distance y {displaystyle y} from the fixed wall. Then the strain in each layer can be expressed as the limit of the ratio between the current relative displacement X ( y + d , t ) − X ( y , t ) {displaystyle X(y+d,t)-X(y,t)} of a nearby layer, divided by the spacing d {displaystyle d} between the layers: