Phytolacca dodecandra

Phytolacca dodecandra, commonly known as endod, gopo berry, or African soapberry, is a trailing shrub or climber native to Tropical Africa, Southern Africa, and Madagascar. Endod (as it is known in Amharic or shibti in Tigrigna ) has been selected and cultivated by Africans for centuries, particularly in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is used as a soap and shampoo as well as a poison to stun fish. Endod is lethal to snails - a fact discovered by Ethiopian scientists - and may be effective controlling schistosomiasis. After Aklilu Lemma, an Ethiopian scientist, demonstrated endod's potency to American scientists, they took out a patent, hoping to sell endod as a biological control for the Zebra mussel, a pest in the Great Lakes of the US and Canada. In Ethiopia, two types of 'endod' (Phytolacca dodecandra) are known to grow and, while the tree's bark are roots are very poisonous if eaten, the leaves and berries of the tree have been traditionally used by the people in laundering clothes. The two principal varities are the Arabe variety, with pinkish to red berries; and the Ahiyo variety, with yellow-green to green berries. The Arabe type has a higher saponin content and better molluscicidal activity than the Ahiyo type (Lugt, 1977). Five species of 'endod' are endemic to Ethiopia, but the efficacy of the saponins found in the berries of four of the trees are best when used in their fresh state. One tree produces berries that are efficacious in either their fresh or dry state and are sold in the local marketplaces.