CD14

4GLP92912475ENSG00000170458ENSMUSG00000051439P08571P10810NM_001174105NM_000591NM_001040021NM_001174104NM_009841NP_000582NP_001035110NP_001167575NP_001167576NP_033971CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) is a human gene. CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the innate immune system. CD14 exists in two forms, one anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol tail (mCD14), the other a soluble form (sCD14). Soluble CD14 either appears after shedding of mCD14 (48 kDa) or is directly secreted from intracellular vesicles (56 kDa). The x-ray crystal structure of human CD14 (4GLP.pdb) reveals a monomeric, bent solenoid structure containing a hydrophobic amino-terminal pocket. CD14 was the first described pattern recognition receptor. CD14 acts as a co-receptor (along with the Toll-like receptor TLR 4 and MD-2) for the detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CD14 can bind LPS only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP).Although LPS is considered its main ligand, CD14 also recognizes other pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipoteichoic acid. CD14 is expressed mainly by macrophages and (at 10-times lesser extent) by neutrophils. It is also expressed by dendritic cells. The soluble form of the receptor (sCD14) is secreted by the liver and monocytes and is sufficient in low concentrations to confer LPS-responsiveness to cells not expressing CD14. mCD14 and sCD14 are also present on enterocytes. Reference 12 is incomplete. sCD14 is also present in human milk, where it is believed to regulate microbial growth in the infant gut. CD14+ monocytes can differentiate into a host of different cells, including dendritic cells, a differentiation pathway encouraged by cytokines, including GM-CSF and IL-4. CD14 has been shown to interact with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein.