Automatic speech

Formulaic language (previously known as automatic speech or embolalia) is a linguistic term for verbal expressions that are fixed in form, often non-literal in meaning with attitudinal nuances, and closely related to communicative-pragmatic context. Along with idioms, expletives and proverbs, formulaic language includes pause fillers (e.g., 'Like', 'Er' or 'Uhm') and conversational speech formulas (e.g., 'You've got to be kidding,' 'Excuse me?' or 'Hang on a minute'). Formulaic language (previously known as automatic speech or embolalia) is a linguistic term for verbal expressions that are fixed in form, often non-literal in meaning with attitudinal nuances, and closely related to communicative-pragmatic context. Along with idioms, expletives and proverbs, formulaic language includes pause fillers (e.g., 'Like', 'Er' or 'Uhm') and conversational speech formulas (e.g., 'You've got to be kidding,' 'Excuse me?' or 'Hang on a minute'). The word embolalia comes from the Greek word embolos which means 'something thrown in', from the word emballo- meaning 'to throw in', and -lalia meaning 'speech, chattering and babbling; abnormal or disordered form of speech. Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these 'hesitation forms', the sounds of stammering (uh), stuttering (um, um), throat-clearing (ahem!), stalling (well, um, that is), interjected when the speaker is groping for words or at a loss for the next thought. French psychiatrist Jules Séglas, on the other hand, defined the term embolalia as 'the regular addition of prefixes or suffixes to words' and mentioned that the behavior is sometimes used by normal individuals to demonstrate to their interlocutor that they are paying attention to the conversation. Harry Levin and Irene Silverman called formulaic language 'vocal segregates' in their 1965 paper on hesitation phenomena and found out from their experiments on children that these segregates seem to be less voluntary hesitation phenomena and may be signs of uncontrolled emotionality under stress. The Irish poet William Butler Yeats argued for formulaic language experiments with his wife, which provided him with symbols for his poetry as well as literary theories. According to The Canadian Modern Language Review, formulaic sequences are 'fixed combinations of words that ... can facilitate fluency in speech by making pauses shorter and less frequent, and allowing longer runs of speech between pauses'. A formulaic sequence is 'a sequence, continuous or discontinuous, of words or other elements, which is, or appears to be, prefabricated: that is, stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar.' They can be found everywhere in language use and 'make up a large proportion of any discourse'. Formulaic sequences can be of any length and can be used to express messages, functions, social solidarity and process information very fast without communication misunderstanding.