Yolk sac

The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the hypoblast adjacent to the embryonic disk. This is alternatively called the umbilical vesicle by the Terminologia Embryologica (TE), though yolk sac is far more widely used. In humans, the yolk sac is important in early embryonic blood supply, and much of it is incorporated into the primordial gut during the fourth week of development.Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum.1 - Amniotic cavity2 - Yolk-sac3 - ChorionDiagram illustrating early formation of allantois and differentiation of body-stalk.1 Amniotic cavity2 Body-stalk3 Allantois4 Yolk-sac5 ChorionDiagram showing later stage of allantoic development with commencing constriction of the yolk-sac.1 Heart2 Amniotic cavity3 Embryo4 Body-stalk5 Placental villi6 Allantois7 Yolk-sac8 ChorionDiagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord.1 Placental villi2 Yolk-sac3 Umbilical cord4 Allantois5 Heart6 Digestive tube7 Embryo8 Amniotic cavitySurface view of embryo of Hylobates concolor.Human embryo—length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30.Dorsum of human embryo, 2.11 mm in length.Section through the embryo.Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters.Model of human embryo 1.3 mm long.Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine deciduaHuman embryo about fifteen days old. Brain and heart represented from right side. Digestive tube and yolk sac in median section. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the hypoblast adjacent to the embryonic disk. This is alternatively called the umbilical vesicle by the Terminologia Embryologica (TE), though yolk sac is far more widely used. In humans, the yolk sac is important in early embryonic blood supply, and much of it is incorporated into the primordial gut during the fourth week of development. The yolk sac is the first element seen within the gestational sac during pregnancy, usually at 3 days gestation. The yolk sac is situated on the front (ventral) part of the embryo; it is lined by extra-embryonic endoderm, outside of which is a layer of extra-embryonic mesenchyme, derived from the mesoderm. Blood is conveyed to the wall of the yolk sac by the primitive aorta and after circulating through a wide-meshed capillary plexus, is returned by the vitelline veins to the tubular heart of the embryo. This constitutes the vitelline circulation, which in humans serves as a location of haematopoiesis. The yolk sac plays no part in supporting the nutrition of the developing human embryo, which is a role solely carried by the placenta. At the end of the fourth week, the yolk sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped opening (traditionally called the umbilical vesicle), into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct. Rarely, the yolk sac can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm; it is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. There is no clinical significance to a residual external yolk sac. As a rule the duct undergoes complete obliteration by the 20th week as most of the yolk sac is incorporated into the developing gastrointestinal tract, but in about two percent of cases its proximal part persists as a diverticulum from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about 60 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. The yolk sac starts forming during the second week of the embryonic development, at the same time as the shaping of the amniotic sac. The hypoblast starts proliferating laterally and descending. In the meantime Heuser's membrane, located on the opposite pole of the developing vesicle, starts its upward proliferation and meets the hypoblast.