Glomerella cingulata

Glomerella cingulata is the sexual stage (teleomorph) while the more commonly referred to asexual stage (anamorph) is called Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. For most of this article the pathogen will be referred to as C. gloeosporioides. This pathogen is a significant problem world wide, causing anthracnose and fruit rotting diseases on hundreds of economically important hosts. Laid out here is an overview of some of the most important aspects of this pathogen. C. gloeosporioides has an extremely broad host range, causing anthracnose disease on a variety of crops such as cereals and grasses, legumes, fruits, vegetables, perennial crops, and trees. It has been observed as infecting harvested durian of the species Durio graveolens. Although the species is so broad in susceptible hosts, some studies are suggesting C. gloeosporioides has sub-populations specific to each host. The symptoms can vary from host to host, but tend to manifest as water soaked, sunken spots on fruit that turn necrotic as the disease progresses, and small dark lesions on leaves. Using mangoes, one of the most economically important hosts, as an example, fruit symptoms manifest late in the season as infected fruit ripens to maturity. At this point fruit develops large, sunken areas of decay that are dark brown to black in color. Occasional fruit cracking can also occur when linear necrotic lesions develop into deep cracks through the epidermis that can extend down into the pulp of the fruit. Because symptoms remain unseen before ripening, plants that appear healthy upon picking can become quickly riddled with disease in storage or transport. Mango leaves exhibit symptoms as small, angular, brown/black lesions that enlarge as the disease progresses. Again, these symptoms vary from host to host, but mangoes serve as a decent example for the general symptomatology of this pathogen. In chestnuts, disease symptoms may also be called blossom end rot. Browning of the chestnut burs at the blossom end may be a first sign in August. At harvest time, blackening of pointed end of the chestnut shell and kernel indicates infection. The extent of blackening can be variable. It can range from a barely visible black tip of the kernel to the whole nut being black. Parts of the nut kernel with no color change remain edible.Regardless of host, C. gloeosporioides produces several signs useful for diagnosis. When observed under a dissecting microscope acervuli can often be spotted if the diseased tissue has recently been under sporulating conditions. These acervuli will appear orange to pinkish in color, due to the masses of conidia being produced on the surface, and will have black, hair-like, setae spiking out in several directions. Under a compound microscope conidia appear ovoid in shape. On certain hosts the teleomorph of this pathogen (G. cingulata) readily produces perithecia full of asci. When cultured on potato dextrose media, this species can appear gray, orange, or pink in color, and will often exhibit concentric rings of growth radiating from the center. C. gloeosporioides can also be identified by PCR if the required resources are available. Because this species has such an extraordinary host range its economic impact is somewhat nebulous when considering all hosts at once. Looking specifically at some of the more economically important hosts proves this pathogen is a huge problem for growers all over the world. A 2012 study done in southern Nigeria found 60% of surveyed mango trees showed symptoms of anthracnose and 34% of the fruit found on these trees displayed advanced degrees of infection. A large portion of this anthracnose was due to C. gloeosporioides, specifically, as 96 of 231 fungal isolates taken from symptomatic tissue were identified as C. gloeosporioides. For strawberries produced in China, C. gloeosporioides, along with Colletotrichum acutatum, and Colletotrichum fragariae cause up to 80% of plant loss in strawberry nurseries, and over 40% of yield loss in field. In just these two examples this pathogen is causing millions of dollars in losses. When the species' entire host range is considered the economic impact cannot be overstated. There is, however, current research suggesting that due to the variability of C. gloeosporioides among hosts, this pathogen should be split into different species or at least different formal species designations. Phylogenetic analysis of C. gloeosporioides isolates sampled from across the broad host range shows enough genetic variation to suggest a need for more specific classification among this species. Work is being done to provide a modern classification system for what is being called the 'C. gloeosporioides complex'. Depending on the results of this research it is possible the blame for economic loss currently being placed on C. gloeosporioides will be split between several newly characterized species within this complex. The disease cycle is impacted by which form of the pathogen (teleomorph or anamorph) you find on the host. This distinction affects how the pathogen overwinters or survives periods without a susceptible host. If the sexual stage (teleomorph) is present, the pathogen sexually reproduces to form ascospores inside of asci, and subsequently packed into perithecia. This method provides genetic variation and the convenience of perithecia which can act as a survival structure. If only the asexual stage (anamorph) is present the pathogen must survive inside of infected plant tissue or on an alternate host. Once environmental conditions are met (<95% humidity, 25–28 °C), the ascospores are ejected and infected plant tissue sporulates. Ascospores infect directly, while the infected plant tissue produces acervuli which produces masses of conidia on conidiophores. These conidia are disseminated by rain splash or wind onto new infection courts such as leaves, young fruit, or blossoms. Upon infection the pathogen continues to produce conidia throughout the season resulting in a polycyclic disease cycle. Once the host plant starts to senesce the teleomorph form of the disease (G. cingulata]]) will start to sexually produce ascospores in perithecia to restart the cycle.