Calipers

A caliper (British spelling also calliper, or in plurale tantum sense a pair of calipers) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display. But a caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured and then the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler. A caliper (British spelling also calliper, or in plurale tantum sense a pair of calipers) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display. But a caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured and then the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler. It is used in many fields such as mechanical engineering, metalworking, forestry, woodworking, science and medicine. A plurale tantum sense of the word 'calipers' coexists in natural usage with the regular noun sense of 'caliper'. That is, sometimes a caliper is treated cognitively like a pair of glasses or a pair of scissors, resulting in a phrase such as 'hand me those calipers' or 'those calipers are mine' in reference to one unit. Also existing colloquially but not in formal usage is referring to a vernier caliper as a 'vernier' or a 'pair of verniers'. In imprecise colloquial usage, some speakers extend this even to dial calipers, although they involve no vernier scale. In machine-shop usage, the term 'caliper' is often used in contradistinction to 'micrometer', even though outside micrometers are technically a form of caliper. In this usage, 'caliper' implies only the form factor of the vernier or dial caliper (or its digital counterpart). The earliest caliper has been found in the Greek Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The ship find dates to the 6th century BC. The wooden piece already featured a fixed and a movable jaw. Although rare finds, caliper remained in use by the Greeks and Romans. A bronze caliper, dating from 9 AD, was used for minute measurements during the Chinese Xin dynasty. The caliper had an inscription stating that it was 'made on a gui-you day at new moon of the first month of the first year of the Shijian guo period.' The calipers included a 'slot and pin' and 'graduated in inches and tenths of an inch.' The modern vernier caliper, reading to thousandths of an inch, was invented by American Joseph R. Brown in 1851. It was the first practical tool for exact measurements that could be sold at a price within the reach of ordinary machinists. The inside calipers are used to measure the internal size of an object.