Epinotia nanana

Epinotia nanana, the European spruce needleminer, is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from northern and central Europe to Russia and Mongolia. Epinotia nanana has been found in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec in Canada, and from Maine to Michigan and Ohio in the United States. The larvae feed on most species of spruce, but prefer Norway spruce. The nearly full-grown larvae overwinter in mined needles and resume feeding in the early spring in adjacent needles. Each larva then mines from 6 to 10 needles and secures them to the twig with silk. Full-grown larvae, about 9 mm long, pupate in a silken cocoon in the soil litter, or occasionally on the tree in May or June. The pupae become moths in four weeks and the females lay eggs, usually singly, occasionally in clusters, on needles produced in the previous year. The eggs soon hatch, and the larvae feed in needles during summer and fall, and hibernate in the mined needles. The wingspan is 9–11 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August. The larvae feed on Picea abies, Picea excelsa, Picea pungens and Picea sitchensis. They mine the needles of the host plant.