JSON

In computing, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) (/ˈdʒeɪsən/ 'Jason', /ˈdʒeɪsɒn/) is an open-standard file format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and array data types (or any other serializable value). It is a very common data format used for asynchronous browser–server communication, including as a replacement for XML in some AJAX-style systems.which behaves in JavaScript as if it were: In computing, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) (/ˈdʒeɪsən/ 'Jason', /ˈdʒeɪsɒn/) is an open-standard file format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and array data types (or any other serializable value). It is a very common data format used for asynchronous browser–server communication, including as a replacement for XML in some AJAX-style systems. JSON is a language-independent data format. It was derived from JavaScript, but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. The official Internet media type for JSON is application/json. JSON filenames use the extension .json. Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s. It was first standardized in 2013 in RFC 7158 and ECMA-404. The latest JSON format standard was published in 2017 as RFC 8259, and remains consistent with ECMA-404. That same year, JSON was also standardized as ISO/IEC 21778:2017. The ECMA and ISO standards describes only the allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations. JSON grew out of a need for stateless, real-time server-to-browser communication protocol without using browser plugins such as Flash or Java applets, the dominant methods used in the early 2000s. Douglas Crockford first specified and popularized the JSON format. The acronym originated at State Software, a company co-founded by Crockford and others in March 2001. The co-founders agreed to build a system that used standard browser capabilities and provided an abstraction layer for Web developers to create stateful Web applications that had a persistent duplex connection to a Web server by holding two HTTP connections open and recycling them before standard browser time-outs if no further data were exchanged. The co-founders had a round-table discussion and voted whether to call the data format JSML or JSON, as well as under what license type to make it available. Crockford, being inspired by the words of then President Bush, should also be credited with coming up with the 'evil-doers' JSON license ('The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil.') in order to open-source the JSON libraries, but force (troll) corporate lawyers, or those who are overly pedantic, to seek to pay for a license from State. Chip Morningstar developed the idea for the State Application Framework at State Software. On the other hand, this clause led to license compatibility problems of the JSON license with other open-source licenses. A precursor to the JSON libraries was used in a children's digital asset trading game project named Cartoon Orbit at Communities.com (the State co-founders had all worked at this company previously) for Cartoon Network, which used a browser side plug-in with a proprietary messaging format to manipulate DHTML elements (this system is also owned by 3DO). Upon discovery of early Ajax capabilities, digiGroups, Noosh, and others used frames to pass information into the user browsers' visual field without refreshing a Web application's visual context, realizing real-time rich Web applications using only the standard HTTP, HTML and JavaScript capabilities of Netscape 4.0.5+ and IE 5+. Crockford then found that JavaScript could be used as an object-based messaging format for such a system. The system was sold to Sun Microsystems, Amazon.com and EDS. The JSON.org website was launched in 2002. In December 2005, Yahoo! began offering some of its Web services in JSON. JSON was originally intended to be a subset of the JavaScript scripting language (specifically, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition—December 1999) and is commonly used with Javascript, but it is a language-independent data format. Code for parsing and generating JSON data is readily available in many programming languages. JSON's website lists JSON libraries by language. Though JSON was originally advertised and believed to be a strict subset of JavaScript and ECMAScript, it inadvertently allows some unescaped characters in strings that are illegal in JavaScript and ECMAScript string literals. See Data portability issues below. JSON itself became an ECMA international standard in 2013 as the ECMA-404 standard.In the same year RFC 7158 used ECMA-404 as reference. In 2014 RFC 7159 became the main reference for JSON's internet uses (ex. MIME application/json), and obsoletes RFC 4627 and RFC 7158 (but preserving ECMA-262 and ECMA-404 as main references). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 published ISO/IEC 21778:2017 as an international standard in November 2017. In December 2017, RFC 7159 was made obsolete by RFC 8259.