Crossed field antenna

A crossed field antenna, or CFA, is a controversial type of radio antenna for long and mediumwave broadcasting, patented by F. M. Kabbary and M. C. Hately in 1986, which was claimed to have the same efficiency as a conventional antenna but only one-tenth the overall height. The invention was received with incredulity from experts in electromagnetics and antenna technology owing to the deficient theoretical justifications offered and the lack of viable experimental verification. Although the antenna was installed in a few broadcasting stations in the 1990s, performance has not borne out the claims of the inventors. A crossed field antenna, or CFA, is a controversial type of radio antenna for long and mediumwave broadcasting, patented by F. M. Kabbary and M. C. Hately in 1986, which was claimed to have the same efficiency as a conventional antenna but only one-tenth the overall height. The invention was received with incredulity from experts in electromagnetics and antenna technology owing to the deficient theoretical justifications offered and the lack of viable experimental verification. Although the antenna was installed in a few broadcasting stations in the 1990s, performance has not borne out the claims of the inventors. As with other low frequency antennas, the crossed field antenna is installed above a ground plane which may be the Earth. It consists of: