Spiritual intelligence

Spiritual intelligence is a term used by some philosophers, psychologists, and developmental theorists to indicate spiritual parallels with IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Quotient).'...contribute to the awareness, integration, and adaptive application of the nonmaterial and transcendent aspects of one's existence, leading to such outcomes as deep existential reflection, enhancement of meaning, recognition of a transcendent self, and mastery of spiritual states.' Spiritual intelligence is a term used by some philosophers, psychologists, and developmental theorists to indicate spiritual parallels with IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Quotient). Danah Zohar coined the term 'spiritual intelligence' and introduced the idea in 1997 in her book ReWiring the Corporate Brain. In the same year, 1997, Ken O'Donnell, an Australian author and consultant living in Brazil, also introduced the term 'spiritual intelligence' in his book Endoquality - the emotional and spiritual dimensions of the human being in organizations. In 2000, in the book 'Spiritual Intelligence', author and intuitive, Michal Levin, outlined the concept as a perspective offering a way to bring together the spiritual and the material, that is ultimately concerned with the well-being of the universe and all who live there. Howard Gardner, the originator of the theory of multiple intelligences, chose not to include spiritual intelligence amongst his 'intelligences' due to the challenge of codifying quantifiable scientific criteria. Instead, Gardner suggested an 'existential intelligence' as viable. However, contemporary researchers continue to explore the viability of Spiritual Intelligence (often abbreviated as 'SQ') and to create tools for measuring and developing it. So far, measurement of spiritual intelligence has tended to rely on self-assessment instruments, which some claim can be susceptible to false reporting. Variations of spiritual intelligence are sometimes used in corporate settings, as a means of motivating employees. and providing a non-religious, diversity-sensitive framework for addressing issues of values in the workplace. According to Stephen Covey, 'Spiritual intelligence is the central and most fundamental of all the intelligences, because it becomes the source of guidance for the others.' Definitions of spiritual intelligence rely on the concept of spirituality as being distinct from religiosity - existential intelligence. Danah Zohar defined 12 principles underlying spiritual intelligence: Ken O'Donnell, advocates the integration of spiritual intelligence (SQ) with both rational intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ). IQ helps us to interact with numbers, formulas and things, EQ helps us to interact with people and SQ helps us to maintain inner balance. To calculate one's level of SQ he suggests the following criteria: