Glycomics

Glycomics is the comprehensive study of glycomes (the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules of an organism), including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects. Glycomics 'is the systematic study of all glycan structures of a given cell type or organism' and is a subset of glycobiology. The term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar, 'glyco-', and was formed to follow the omics naming convention established by genomics (which deals with genes) and proteomics (which deals with proteins). Glycomics is the comprehensive study of glycomes (the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules of an organism), including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects. Glycomics 'is the systematic study of all glycan structures of a given cell type or organism' and is a subset of glycobiology. The term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar, 'glyco-', and was formed to follow the omics naming convention established by genomics (which deals with genes) and proteomics (which deals with proteins). This area of research has to deal with an inherent level of complexity not seen in other areas of applied biology. 68 building blocks (molecules for DNA, RNA and proteins; categories for lipids; types of sugar linkages for saccharides) provide the structural basis for the molecular choreography that constitutes the entire life of a cell. DNA and RNA have four building blocks each (the nucleosides or nucleotides). Lipids are divided into eight categories based on ketoacyl and isoprene. Proteins have 20 (the amino acids). Saccharides have 32 types of sugar linkages. While these building blocks can be attached only linearly for proteins and genes, they can be arranged in a branched array for saccharides, further increasing the degree of complexity. Add to this the complexity of the numerous proteins involved, not only as carriers of carbohydrate, the glycoproteins, but proteins specifically involved in binding and reacting with carbohydrate: