Symplectic integrator

In mathematics, a symplectic integrator (SI) is a numerical integration scheme for Hamiltonian systems. Symplectic integrators form the subclass of geometric integrators which, by definition, are canonical transformations. They are widely used in nonlinear dynamics, molecular dynamics, discrete element methods, accelerator physics, plasma physics, quantum physics, and celestial mechanics. In mathematics, a symplectic integrator (SI) is a numerical integration scheme for Hamiltonian systems. Symplectic integrators form the subclass of geometric integrators which, by definition, are canonical transformations. They are widely used in nonlinear dynamics, molecular dynamics, discrete element methods, accelerator physics, plasma physics, quantum physics, and celestial mechanics. Symplectic integrators are designed for the numerical solution of Hamilton's equations, which read where q {displaystyle q} denotes the position coordinates, p {displaystyle p} the momentum coordinates, and H {displaystyle H} is the Hamiltonian. The set of position and momentum coordinates ( q , p ) {displaystyle (q,p)} are called canonical coordinates.(See Hamiltonian mechanics for more background.) The time evolution of Hamilton's equations is a symplectomorphism, meaning that it conserves the symplectic two-form d p ∧ d q {displaystyle dpwedge dq} . A numerical scheme is a symplectic integrator if it also conserves this two-form. Symplectic integrators possess, as a conserved quantity, a Hamiltonian which is slightly perturbed from the original one. By virtue of these advantages, the SI scheme has been widely applied to the calculations of long-term evolution of chaotic Hamiltonian systems ranging from the Kepler problem to the classical and semi-classical simulations in molecular dynamics. Most of the usual numerical methods, like the primitive Euler scheme and the classical Runge–Kutta scheme, are not symplectic integrators.