Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

1GWX, 1Y0S, 2AWH, 2B50, 2BAW, 2ENV, 2GWX, 2J14, 2Q5G, 2XYJ, 2XYW, 2XYX, 2ZNP, 2ZNQ, 3D5F, 3DY6, 3ET2, 3GWX, 3GZ9, 3OZ0, 3PEQ, 3SP9, 3TKM546719015ENSG00000112033ENSMUSG00000002250Q03181P35396NM_001171818NM_001171819NM_001171820NM_006238NM_177435NM_011145NP_001165289NP_001165290NP_001165291NP_006229NP_803184NP_035275Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta or delta (PPAR-β or PPAR-δ), also known as NR1C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the PPARD gene.1gwx: MOLECULAR RECOGNITION OF FATTY ACIDS BY PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS1y0s: Crystal structure of PPAR delta complexed with GW23312awh: Human Nuclear Receptor-Ligand Complex 12b50: Human Nuclear Receptor-Ligand Complex 22baw: Human Nuclear Receptor-Ligand Complex 12gwx: MOLECULAR RECOGNITION OF FATTY ACIDS BY PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS2j14: 3,4,5-TRISUBSTITUTED ISOXAZOLES AS NOVEL PPARDELTA AGONISTS: PART23gwx: MOLECULAR RECOGNITION OF FATTY ACIDS BY PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta or delta (PPAR-β or PPAR-δ), also known as NR1C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the PPARD gene. This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. It was first identified in Xenopus in 1993. PPARδ is a nuclear hormone receptor that governs a variety of biological processes and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In muscle PPAR-β/δ expression is increased by exercise, resulting in increased oxidative (fat-burning) capacity and an increase in type I fibers. Both PPAR-β/δ and AMPK agonists are regarded as exercise mimetics. In adipose tissue PPAR-β/δ increases both oxidation as well as uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. PPARδ may function as an integrator of transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. It activates transcription of a variety of target genes by binding to specific DNA elements. Well described target genes of PPARδ include PDK4, ANGPTL4, PLIN2, and CD36. The expression of this gene is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells. The elevated expression can be repressed by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein involved in the APC/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this protein in myelination of the corpus callosum, epidermal cell proliferation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. This protein has been shown to be involved in differentiation, lipid accumulation, directional sensing, polarization, and migration in keratinocytes. Studies into the role of PPARδ in cancer have produced contradictory results and there is no scientific consensus on whether it promotes or prevents cancer formation. Several high affinity ligands for PPARδ have been developed, including GW501516 and GW0742, which play an important role in research. In one study utilizing such a ligand, it has been shown that agonism of PPARδ changes the body's fuel preference from glucose to lipids. PPARδ is highly expressed in many tissues, including colon, small intestine, liver and keratinocytes, as well as in heart, spleen, skeletal muscle, lung, brain and thymus.