Pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria. Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, some are pathogenic, with the number of species estimated as fewer than a hundred that are seen to cause infectious diseases in humans. By contrast, several thousand species exist in the human digestive system.Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horsesSpores enter through inhalation or through abrasionsAnthrax: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms. PenicillinDoxycyclineCiprofloxacinRaxibacumabAnthrax vaccineAutoclaving of equipmentAspiration preventionContact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.Whooping coughSecondary bacterial pneumoniaPertussis vaccine, such as in DPT vaccineB. gariniiB. afzeliiIxodes hard ticks Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birdsLyme diseaseDoxycycline for adults, amoxicillin for children, ceftriaxone for neurological involvementWearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks.Insect repellent.Avoid areas where ticks are found.and othersBetter access to washing facilitiesReduce crowdingPesticidesB. canisB. melitensisB. suisDirect contact with infected animalOral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk productsBrucellosis: mainly fever, muscular pain and night sweatsdoxycyclinestreptomycin or gentamicinFecal-oral from animals (mammals and fowl)Uncooked meat (especially poultry)Contaminated waterTreat symptomsFluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin in severe casesGood hygieneAvoiding contaminated waterPasteurizing milk and milk productsCooking meat (especially poultry)Respiratory dropletsDoxycyclineErythromycinvaginal sexoral sexanal sexVertical from mother to newborn(ICN)Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)TrachomaNeonatal conjunctivitisNeonatal pneumoniaNongonococcal urethritis (NGU)UrethritisPelvic inflammatory diseaseEpididymitisProstatitisLymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)Erythromycin (adults)Doxycycline (infants and pregnant women)Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyesSafe sexAbstinenceTetracyclineDoxycyclineErythromycinBotulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis Antitoxin Penicillin Hyperbaric oxygen Mechanical ventilation Proper food preservation techniquesGut flora, overgrowing when other flora is depletedPseudomembranous colitisDiscontinuing responsible antibioticVancomycin or metronidazole if severeSpores in soil Vaginal flora and gut floraAnaerobic cellulitis Gas gangrene Acute food poisoning Debridement or amputation Hyperbaric medicine High doses of doxycycline or penicillin G and clindamycin Food poisoning:Supportive care is sufficientSpores in soil, skin penetration through wounds Tetanus: muscle spasmsTetanus immune globulin SedativesMuscle relaxantsMechanical ventilation Penicillin or metronidazole Tetanus vaccine (such as in the DPT vaccine)respiratory dropletspart of human floraDiphtheria: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.Horse serum antitoxinErythromycinPenicillinDPT vaccineE. chaffeensisE. faeciumPart of gut flora, opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system woundsBacterial endocarditis, biliary tract infections, urinary tract infectionsAmpicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)VancomycinNo vaccineHand washing and other nosocomial prevention(resistance-tests are required first)(resistance-tests are required first)Heating waterPrevention of exposureLepromatous form:(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details)Ophthalmia neonatorum:e.g. S. typhimuriumS. dysenteriae Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria. Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, some are pathogenic, with the number of species estimated as fewer than a hundred that are seen to cause infectious diseases in humans. By contrast, several thousand species exist in the human digestive system. One of the bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries. Koch's postulates are the standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.