Sect

A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group. Although the term was originally a classification for religious separated groups, it can now refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles. A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group. Although the term was originally a classification for religious separated groups, it can now refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles. In an Indian context, sect refers to an organized tradition. The word sect comes from the Latin noun secta (a feminine form of a variant past participle of the verb sequi, to follow), meaning 'a way, road', and figuratively a (prescribed) way, mode, or manner, and hence metonymously, a discipline or school of thought as defined by a set of methods and doctrines. The present gamut of meanings of sect has been influenced by confusion with the homonymous (but etymologically unrelated) Latin word secta (the feminine form of the past participle of the verb secare, to cut). There are several different sociological definitions and descriptions for the term. Among the first to define them were Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch (1912). In the church-sect typology they are described as newly formed religious groups that form to protest elements of their parent religion (generally a denomination). Their motivation tends to be situated in accusations of apostasy or heresy in the parent denomination; they are often decrying liberal trends in denominational development and advocating a return to true religion. The American sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge assert that 'sects claim to be authentic purged, refurbished version of the faith from which they split'. They further assert that sects have, in contrast to churches, a high degree of tension with the surrounding society. Other sociologists of religion such as Fred Kniss have asserted that sectarianism is best described with regard to what a sect is in tension with. Some religious groups exist in tension only with co-religious groups of different ethnicities, or exist in tension with the whole of society rather than the church which the sect originated from. Sectarianism is sometimes defined in the sociology of religion as a worldview that emphasizes the unique legitimacy of believers' creed and practices and that heightens tension with the larger society by engaging in boundary-maintaining practices. The English sociologist Roy Wallis argues that a sect is characterized by 'epistemological authoritarianism': sects possess some authoritative locus for the legitimate attribution of heresy. According to Wallis, 'sects lay a claim to possess unique and privileged access to the truth or salvation' and 'their committed adherents typically regard all those outside the confines of the collectivity as 'in error''. He contrasts this with a cult that he described as characterized by 'epistemological individualism' by which he means that 'the cult has no clear locus of final authority beyond the individual member.' The corresponding words for 'sect' in European languages other than English – Sekte (German), secte (French), secta (Spanish, Catalan), sectă (Romanian), seita (Portuguese, Galician), sekta (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Latvian, Lithuanian), sekt (Danish, Estonian, Norwegian, Swedish), sekte (Dutch), szekta (Hungarian), секта (Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian), σέχτα (Greek) – refer to a harmful religious sect and translate into English as 'cult'. In France, since the 1970s, secte has a specific meaning which is very different from the English word. The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion distinguishes three types of classification of Buddhism, separated into 'Movements', 'Nikāyas' and 'Doctrinal schools': While the historical usage of the term 'sect' in Christendom has had pejorative connotations, referring to a group or movement with heretical beliefs or practices that deviate from those of groups considered orthodox, its primary meaning is to indicate a community which has separated itself in some way from the larger body from which its members came and to which they may or may not still adhere. The term remains valid for this purpose.