Cold hardiness of the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Abstract Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797), a crop pest native to tropical and subtropical regions of America, has invaded and spread into most regions in China, posing a severe threat to China's agriculture. The cold hardiness directly determines its geographic distribution through adapting to winter temperatures of different regions. Here, we measured supercooling points and lethal time (LT) at low temperatures of S. frugiperda. The supercooling points for developmental stages in increasing order were: adults (−15.05°C)