A functional group characterization of organic PM2.5 exposure: Results from the RIOPA study

Abstract The functional group (FG) composition of urban residential outdoor, indoor, and personal fine particle (PM 2.5 ) samples is presented and used to provide insights relevant to organic PM 2.5 exposure. PM 2.5 samples (48 h) were collected during the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA) study at 219 non-smoking homes (once or twice) in Los Angeles County, CA, Elizabeth, NJ, and Houston, TX. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of PM 2.5 samples were collected, and FG absorbances were quantified by partial least squares (PLS) regression, a multivariate calibration method. There is growing evidence in the literature that a large majority of indoor-generated PM 2.5 is organic. The current research suggests that indoor-generated PM 2.5 is enriched in aliphatic carbon–hydrogen (CH) FGs relative to ambient outdoor PM 2.5 . Indoor-generated CH exceeded outdoor-generated CH in 144 of the 167 homes for which indoor or outdoor CH was measurable; estimated indoor emission rates are provided. The strong presence of aliphatic CH FGs in indoor PM 2.5 makes particulate organic matter substantially less polar indoors and in personal exposures than outdoors. This is a substantial new finding. Based on the quantified FGs, the average organic molecular weight (OM) per carbon weight (OC), a measure of the degree of oxygenation of organic PM, is in the range of 1.7–2.6 for outdoor samples and 1.3–1.7 for indoor and personal samples. Polarity or degree of oxygenation effects particle deposition in exposure environments and in the respiratory system.