The signaling interplay of GSK-3β in myocardial disorders

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates numerous signaling transductions and pathological states, from cell growth, inflammation, apoptosis, and heart failure to cancer. Recent studies have validated the feasibility of targeting GSK-3β for its therapeutic potential to maintain myocardial homeostasis. Herein, we review the multifactorial roles of GSK-3β in cardiac abnormalities, focusing primarily on recent investigations into myocardial survival. In addition, we discuss the cardioprotective potential of divergent GSK-3β inhibitors. Finally, we also highlight crosstalk between the various mechanisms underlying abnormal myocardial functions in which GSK-3β is involved.