Emigration Effects on Estimates of Age- and Sex-specific Survival of Small Mammals

O_LIAge- and sex-specific survival estimates are crucial to understanding important life-history characteristics and variation in these estimates can be a key driver of population dynamics. When estimating survival using Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) models and capture-recapture data, emigration is typically assumed to have a negligible effect on estimates such that apparent survival is indistinguishable from true survival. Consequently, especially for populations or age classes with high dispersal rates, apparent survival estimates are often biased low and temporal patterns in survival might be masked when site fidelity varies temporally. C_LIO_LIWe used 9 years of annual mark-recapture data to estimate age-, sex-, and time-specific apparent survival of Humboldts flying squirrels (Glaucomys oregonensis) and Townsends chipmunks (Neotamias townsendii). For Humboldts flying squirrels, these estimates support a small body of research investigating potential variation of survival among age and sex classes, but age- and sex-specific survival has not been evaluated for Townsends chipmunks. We also quantified the effects of age- and sex-specific emigration on confounded estimates of apparent survival. C_LIO_LIOur estimates of juvenile flying squirrel survival were high relative to other small mammal species and estimates for both species were variable among years. We found survival differed moderately among age and sex classes for Humboldts flying squirrels, but little among age and sex classes for Townsends chipmunks, and that the degree to which emigration confounded apparent survival estimates varied substantially among years. Without correcting for emigration, apparent survival estimates were lower and temporal variation was obscured, particularly for male Humboldts flying squirrels and female Townsends chipmunks. C_LIO_LIOur results demonstrate that emigration can influence commonly used estimates of apparent survival. Unadjusted estimates confounded the interpretation of differences in survival between age and sex classes and masked potential temporal patterns in survival because the magnitude of adjustment varied among years. We conclude that apparent survival estimators are robust during some time periods; however, when emigration rates vary in time the effects of emigration should be carefully considered and accounted for, especially in comparative studies and those with policy and conservation implications. C_LI