ZmbZIP4 contributes to stress resistance in maize by regulating ABA synthesis and root development

In plants, bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factors regulate diverse processes such as development and stress responses. However, few of these transcription factors have been functionally characterized in maize ( Zea mays ). In this study, we characterized the bZIP transcription factor gene ZmbZIP4 from maize. ZmbZIP4 was differentially expressed in various organs of maize and was induced by high salinity, drought, heat, cold, and abscisic acid treatment in seedlings. A transactivation assay in yeast demonstrated that ZmbZIP4 functioned as a transcriptional activator. A genome-wide screen for ZmbZIP4 targets by immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed that ZmbZIP4 could positively regulate a number of stress response genes, such as ZmLEA2 , ZmRD20 , ZmRD21 , ZmRab18 , ZmNHX3 , ZmGEA6 , and ZmERD , and some abscisic acid synthesis-related genes, including NCED , ABA1 , AAO3 , and LOS5 . In addition, ZmbZIP4 targets some root development-related genes, including ZmLRP1 , ZmSCR , ZmIAA8 , ZmIAA14 , ZmARF2 , and ZmARF3 , and overexpression of ZmbZIP4 resulted in an increased number of lateral roots, longer primary roots, and an improved root system. Increased abscisic acid synthesis by overexpression of ZmbZIP4 also can increase the plant’s ability to resist abiotic stress. Thus, ZmbZIP4 is a positive regulator of plant abiotic stress responses and is involved in root development in maize.