Cytoskeleton and Small G Proteins

Rho Family Proteins and Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Structure and Regulation of Rho Family Proteins.- 2.1 Primary Structure of Rho Family Proteins.- 2.2 Expression of Rho Family Proteins.- 2.3 Post-Translational Modifications.- 2.4 Structural Analysis of Rho Family Proteins.- 3 Rho Family Proteins and Growth Factor-Induced Actin Reorganization.- 3.1 Rho.- 3.2 Rac.- 3.3 Cdc42.- 3.4 Other Rho Family Proteins.- 3.5 Links Between Different Rho Family Proteins:A Role in Cell Migration?.- 4 Rho Family Proteins and Cell Adhesion.- 4.1 Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix.- 4.2 Intercellular Adhesions.- 5 Rho Family Proteins and Cytokinesis.- 6 Other Responses Regulated by Rho Family Proteins.- 6.1 Activation of the NADPH Oxidase and Phagocytosis.- 6.2 Secretion and Endocytosis.- 6.3 Mitogenesis and Transformation.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- Regulation of Cytoskeleton and Cell Adhesion by Rho Targets.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Regulation of Rho Activity.- 3 Functions of Rho.- 3.1 Formation of Stress Fiber and Focal Adhesion.- 3.2 Smooth Muscle Contraction.- 3.3 Neurite Retraction.- 3.4 Cytokinesis.- 3.5 Cell-Cell Adhesion.- 3.6 Actin Filaments Beneath Plasma Membrane.- 3.7 Other Functions.- 4 Rho Targets.- 5 Functions of Rho Targets.- 5.1 Rho-Kinase and MBS.- 5.2 mDia and Bnil.- 5.3 Other Rho Targets.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- Rnd Proteins: A New Family of Rho-Related Proteins That Interfere with the Assembly of Filamentous Actin Structures and Cell Adhesion.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Characterisation of Three New Members of the Rho Family.- 3 Biochemical Properties of Rndl: G-Proteins That Do Not Switch?.- 4 Expression in Tissues and Localization of Rndl in the Brain.- 5 Effects of Rndl Expression on the Formation of Actin Stress Fibers.- 6 Localization of Rndl in Swiss 3T3 Fibroblasts and Microinjected MDCK Cells.- 7 A Role for Rnd Proteins in Transformation?.- 8 Rnd Proteins and Targets of Farnesyl-Transferase Inhibitors.- 9 Conclusions.- References.- The DH Protein Family, Exchange Factors for Rho-Like GTPases.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Small GTPases.- 1.2 Rho-Like GTPases.- 2 Identification of DH Proteins, GEFs for Rho-Like GTPases.- 3 Structure and Function of DH Proteins.- 3.1 Catalytic Function.- 3.2 Functional Domains in DH Proteins.- 3.2.1 DH and PH Domains.- 3.2.2 Other Domains in DH Proteins.- 4 Cellular Functions of DH Proteins.- 4.1 Oncogenic Transformation.- 4.2 Invasion.- 4.3 Neuronal Development.- 4.4 Development.- 4.5 Modulation of RasGEF Activity.- 5 DH Proteins in Signaling Pathways.- 5.1 Activation of GEF Activity by Phosphorylation.- 5.2 Activation of Rho-like GTPases by Membrane Localization of GEFs.- 5.3 Signal Mediation by DH Proteins in Protein Complexes.- 5.4 Role of DH Proteins in Ras Transformation.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- RhoGAPs and RhoGDIs (His)stories of Two Families.- 1 RhoGDI (GDP Dissociation Inhibitors): Who Needs Them?.- 1.1 A Family of RhoGDIs.- 1.2 Biochemical Properties.- 1.3 From Structure to Function: Insights Deduced from RhoGDI-1 3-D Structure.- 1.4 In Vivo Functional RhoGDI as a Specific Tool for Gaining Insight into Rho Function.- 1.5 Cellular Localisation.- 1.6 A Hematopoietic RhoGDI, RhoGDI-2 (Ly/D4-RhoGDI) Could Play a Role During Apoptosis.- 1.7 A Third RhoGDI Exhibits Catalytic Specificity and Cytoskeleton Localisation.- 2 GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs) for Rho-Like GTPases: A Catalytic Module Found Within a Plethora of Multifunctional Proteins.- 2.1 GAP Activity and Identification of p50-RhoGAP.- 2.2 Birth of the Rho-GAP Family of Proteins.- 2.3 Bcr (Breakpoint Cluster Region) Gene Product.- 2.4 Abr (Active Bcr-Related) Gene Product.- 2.5 The Chimaerin Family of Proteins (?l, ?2, ?1, and ?2).- 2.6 p85? and p85? Subunits of PI3-Kinase.- 2.7 p190 (p120-RasGAP-Associated Protein) and p190b.- 2.8 Other Mammalian Rho-GAPs: 3BP-1, RLIP76, Myr5, Myosin-IXb, p122-Arp, p115 and p58-Mgc.- 2.9 Non-Mammalian Rho-GAPs: Graf, RotundRacGAP, CeGAP, DdRacGAP, Bem2, Bem3, Dbml, LRG1 and RGA1.- 3 Conclusions.- 3.1 Too Many Rho GTPase-Regulating Factors?.- 3.2 A Final Word.- References.- Roles of PAK Family Kinases.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Distribution of PAK Family Kinases.- 3 Regulation of PAK Activity.- 4 Functions of Fungal Ste20p/PAK-Like Kinases.- 5 PAKs and Phosphorylation Pathways.- 6 PAK and Cellular Transformation.- 7 Morphological Roles for PAK Downstream of Cdc42 and Rac.- 8 Activities Associated with the Various Domains of PAK.- 8.1 Proline-Rich Domains.- 8.2 The p21-Binding Domain.- 8.3 The Auto-Regulatory Domain.- 8.4 The Kinase Domain.- 9 Conclusions.- References.- Rac and Cdc42 Effectors.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Effector Proteins of Rac and Cdc42.- 2.1 Potential Effectors of Rac and Cdc42 Involved in Cytoskeletal Rearrangements.- 2.2 Potential Effectors of Rac and Cdc42 Induced Transcriptional Activation.- 2.3 Potential Effector Pathways of Rac and Cdc42 Involved in Cell Growth Control.- 2.4 Phox 67, a Rac Target in the Superoxide Formation of Phagocytic Cells.- 3 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Small GTPases of the Rho Family and Cell Transformation.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Rho Family.- 1.2 Regulators of the Rho Family and their Oncogenic Properties.- 2 Rho Proteins and Cell Transformation.- 2.1 Intrinsic Transforming Properties of Rho Proteins.- 2.2 Cross-Talk Between Rho Controlled Pathways.- 3 Cross-Talk Between Ras and Rho-Dependent Pathways in Cell Transformation.- 3.1 Cooperation Between Ras and Rho Pathways.- 3.2 Cooperation Between Raf and Rho Pathways.- 4 Signalling Pathways Downstream of Rho Proteins Involved in Cell Transformation.- 4.1 Rho-Dependent Activation of the JNK/SAPK Pathway.- 4.2 The Cytoskeleton and Rho Proteins.- 5 Rho Proteins and Apoptosis.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Rho GTP-Binding Proteins as Targets for Microbial Pathogens.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Microbial Pathogens and the Epithelial Cell Actin Cytoskeleton.- 2.1 Microbial Pathogens and Actin.- 2.2 Rho GTP-Binding Proteins.- 3 Interaction of Bacterial Protein Toxins with the Rho Subfamily of GTP-Binding Proteins.- 3.1 Toxins Inhibiting Rho.- 3.2 Toxins Activating Rho.- 4 Invasive Bacterial Factors and the Rho Subfamily of GTP-Binding Proteins.- 4.1 Bacterial Effectors of Salmonella or Shigella-Induced Internalization by Epithelial Cells.- 4.2 Cdc42 Is Involved in Salmonella Entry, Whereas Rho Proteins Are Required for Shigella Entry.- References.- Rho GTPases in Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Rho Family of Small GTPases.- 2.1 Rho-Mediated Signal Transduction.- 2.2 Genetic Analysis of Signal Transduction in Simple Organisms.- 3 Genetic Analysis of Rho GTPases in Drosophila Development.- 3.1 Expression of Rho Family GTPases in Drosophila Embryogenesis.- 3.2 Oogenesis.- 3.3 Gastrulation.- 3.4 Dorsal Closure.- 3.5 Tissue Polarity.- 3.6 Eye Development.- 3.7 Neural Development.- 3.8 Muscle Development.- 4 Rho Family GTPases in C. elegans.- 4.1 Conservation of Rho GTPases and their Regulators and Targets in Worms.- 4.2 Embryo Elongation.- 4.3 Neural Development.- 5 Rho GTPase Function in Mammals.- 5.1 Knockout Mice.- 5.2 Transgenic Mice.- 5.3 Diseases of Human Development.- 6 Summary.- References.- Erratum.