Ion dynamics in fluoride-containing polyatomic anion cathodes by muon spectroscopy

Polyatomic anion insertion electrodes present compositional and morphological variety, as well as the ability to tune operational voltages by influencing the nature of metal-oxygen bonding. Realising the application of these compounds as electrodes in Li- and Na-ion batteries requires a detailed understanding of ion dynamics in these systems. Here is presented the microscopic Li-ion and Na-ion diffusion properties in LiFeSO4F and Na2FePO4F, respectively, using muon spin relaxation (μ+SR) spectroscopy for the first time. Li-ion diffusion processes in the tavorite LiFeSO4F phase are found to proceed with an activation energy (Ea) of 48 meV and a diffusion coefficient of 1.71×10-9 cm2 s-1, while Na-ion mobility in Na2FePO4F has a calculated diffusion coefficient of 3.60×10 10 cm2 s 1 and a higher energy barrier to ion diffusion at 102 meV. This is the first such examination of fluoride-containing polyatomic cathodes using μ+SR, where the presence of the highly electronegative fluoride species was thought to preclude activation energy and diffusion coefficient determination due to strong μ+-F interactions. These insights open up the possibility of studying a myriad of fluoride-containing electrode materials using the μ+SR technique.