Germanium p-i-n avalanche photodetector fabricated by point defect healing process

In this Letter, we report Ge p-i-n avalanche photodetectors (APD) with low dark current (sub 1 μA below VR=5  V), low operating voltage (avalanche breakdown voltage=8–13  V), and high multiplication gain (440–680) by exploiting a point defect healing method (between 600°C and 650°C) and optimizing the doping concentration of the intrinsic region (p-type ∼1017  cm−3). In addition, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical capacitance voltage analyses were performed to investigate the junction interfaces in more detail. This successful demonstration of Ge p-i-n APD with low dark current, low operating voltage, and high gain is promising for low-power and high-sensitivity Ge PD applications.