Chemically versus electrochemically reduced graphene oxide: Improved amperometric and voltammetric sensors of phenolic compounds on higher roughness surfaces

Abstract The electrochemistry of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CT), and dopamine (DP) on a glassy-carbon electrode (GCE) modified with chemically (CRGO) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) was investigated and compared for the development of amperometric and voltammetric sensors. Cyclic voltammetric measurements showed higher current on the CRGO-modified GCE, which can be explained by the higher number of sheets compared with ERGO-modified as revealed by SEM images as well as higher roughness surface monitored by AFM, indicating a higher electroactive area. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that both modified surfaces presented a very similar behavior (Nyquist plots) and lower resistance to electron transfer in comparison with the unmodified GCE. Considering both modified electrodes for sensing purposes, differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) in unstirred solutions and amperometry under hydrodynamic solutions showed higher sensitivity and lower limit of detection (LOD) values for HQ, CT and DP on the CRGO-modified GCE. These results indicate that the effect of surface rugosity and electroactive area of RGO modified electrodes contribute to the improvement of sensing characteristics of phenolic compounds using either DPV or amperometric detection under flow conditions. DPV and amperometry provided LOD values between 1 and 5 nmol L −1 and 12 and 55 nmol L −1 , respectively, while the latter offers much faster responses resulting in theoretical analytical frequency higher than 1000 h −1 .