Pliocene to Holocene chronostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental records from cave sediments: Račiška pečina section (SW Slovenia)

Abstract The sedimentological record in the Raciska pecina cave sediment sequence is one of the best-preserved cave records of palaeoenvironmental changes for the last 3.4 Ma. However, as it is typical for cave terrestrial records, it contains many hiatuses in sedimentation. The section study helped to change the state of knowledge and understanding of the long-lasting deposition characteristics in the caves and provided enormous data on environmental changes over time. In the sequence are by magnetostratigraphy well recorded Pliocene/Pleistocene transition at 2.59 Ma, the Matuyama/Brunhes boundary at 0.773 Ma, and the presence of Olduvai subchron between 1.78 and 1.925 Ma. Records of small mammals from the lower part of the section (a molar of Apodemus cf. atavus and dental fragments of Borsodia sp., and Pliomys sp.) suggest MN17 age, Clethrionomys cf. glareolus from the upper part suggests the Late Early or Middle Pleistocene age. Also worth mentioning are records of snail shells Aegopinella sp. and a troglobiont snail Zospeum sp. In the upper part of the section Ursus ex gr. spelaeus was confirmed in the yellow clay layer older than ∼72 ka, and soot material at the top of the section was radiocarbon dated on ∼11 ka, ∼9 ka, and ∼3 ka. A detailed chronology of the Raciska pecina section based on magnetostratigraphy and isotopic oxygen stratigraphy was created and correlated with palaeontological, U-series, and radiocarbon results. The climatic changes during the growth of the section were at about 2.6–2.5 Ma ago mostly controlled by global Atlantic Ocean factors, while about 0.78 Ma ago by regional Mediterranean Sea factors.