TIMELESS confers cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and promoting the epithelial mesenchymal transition

Abstract This study investigated the expression, clinicopathological significance and mechanism of action of TIMELESS, a mammalian homolog of a Drosophila circadian rhythm gene, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed TIMELESS was upregulated in NPC cell lines (n = 8 vs. NP69 cells), and freshly-frozen (n = 6) and paraffin-embedded human NPC specimens (n = 108 vs. normal samples/non-tumor cells). TIMELESS expression was associated with T category ( P  = 0.002), N category ( P  = 0.001), clinical stage ( P P  = 0.047), vital status ( P  = 0.013) and serum Epstein–Barr DNA ( P  = 0.005). High TIMELESS expression was associated with poorer overall survival (80.7% vs. 95.9%; P  = 0.004) and progression free survival (68.1% vs. 88.0%; P  = 0.005). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed TIMELESS was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and progression free survival. Stable ectopic overexpression of TIMELESS in NPC cell lines conferred resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo , promoted an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype, and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and downstream gene transcription; knockdown of TIMELESS had the opposite effects. TIMELESS may play a role in the development of NPC and could represent a valuable prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target.