Organization and control of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway in plants

The enzymatic steps involved in L-ascorbate biosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms (the Smirnoff-Wheeler, SW pathway) has been well established and here we comprehensively analyze the subcellular localization, potential physical interactions of SW pathway enzymes and assess their role in control of ascorbate synthesis. Transient expression of GFP-fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants complemented with genomic constructs showed that while GME is cytosolic, VTC1, VTC2, VTC4, and L-GalDH have cytosolic and nuclear localization. While transgenic lines GME-GFP, VTC4-GFP and L-GalDH-GFP driven by their endogenous promoters accumulated the fusion proteins, the functional VTC2-GFP protein is detected at low level using immunoblot in a complemented vtc2 null mutant. This low amount of VTC2 protein and the extensive analyses using multiple combinations of SW enzymes in N. benthamiana supported the role of VTC2 as the main control point of the pathway on ascorbate biosynthesis. Interaction analysis of SW enzymes using yeast two hybrid did not detect the formation of heterodimers, although VTC1, GME and VTC4 formed homodimers. Further coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) analysis indicted that consecutive SW enzymes, as well as the first and last enzymes (VTC1 and L-GalDH), associate thereby adding a new layer of complexity to ascorbate biosynthesis. Finally, metabolic control analysis incorporating known kinetic characteristics, showed that previously reported feedback repression at the VTC2 step confers a high flux control coefficient and rationalizes why manipulation of other enzymes has little effect on ascorbate concentration.