Iodine-129 in soils from Northern Ukraine and the retrospective dosimetry of the iodine-131 exposure after the Chernobyl accident

Abstract Forty-eight soil profiles down to a depth of 40 cm were taken in Russia and Ukraine in 1995 and 1997, respectively, in order to investigate the feasibility of retrospective dosimetry of the 131 I exposure after the Chernobyl accident via the long-lived 129 I. The sampling sites covered areas almost not affected by fallout from the Chernobyl accident such as Moscow/Russia and the Zhitomir district in Ukraine as well as the highly contaminated Korosten and Narodici districts in Ukraine. 129 I was analyzed by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 127 I was measured for some profiles by RNAA or ion chromatography (IC). The results for 127 I demonstrated large differences in the capabilities of the soils to store iodine over long time spans. The depth profiles of 129 I and of 137 Cs showed large differences in the migration behavior between the two nuclides but also for each nuclide among the different sampling sites. Though it cannot be quantified how much 129 I and 137 Cs was lost out of the soil columns into deeper depths, the inventories in the columns were taken as proxies for the total inventories. For 129 I, these inventories were at least three orders of magnitude higher than a pre-nuclear value of 0.084±0.017 mBq m −2 derived from a soil profile taken in 1939 in Lutovinovo/Russia. From the samples from Moscow and Zhitomir, a pre-Chernobyl 129 I inventory of (44±24) mBq m −2 was determined, limiting the feasibility of 129 I retrospective dosimetry to areas where the 129 I inventories exceed 100 mBq m −2 . Higher average 129 I inventories in the Korosten and Narodici districts of 130 and 848 mBq m −2 , respectively, allowed determination of the 129 I fallout due to the Chernobyl accident. Based on the total 129 I inventories and on literature data for the atomic ratio of 129 I/ 131 I=13.6±2.8 for the Chernobyl emissions and on aggregated dose coefficients for 131 I, the thyroid exposure due to 131 I after the Chernobyl accident was estimated for the inhabitants of four villages in the Korosten and of three villages in the Narodici districts. The limitations and uncertainties of the 129 I retrospective dosimetry are discussed.