Site-specific epigenetic marks in Trypanosoma brucei transcription termination, antigenic variation, and proliferation

In Trypanosoma brucei, genes assemble into polycistronic transcription units (PTUs). Transcription termination sites (TTSs) hold deposition sites for three non-essential chromatin factors, histone variants (H3v and H4v) and a DNA modification (base J, a hydroxyl-glucosyl dT). Here, I found that H4v is a major sign for transcription termination at TTSs and readthrough transcription machineries progress until they encounter the next bidirectional transcription start site. While having a secondary function at TTSs, H3v is important for monoallelic transcription of telomeric antigen genes. The simultaneous absence of both histone variants leads to proliferation and replication defects, which are exacerbated by the J deficiency, accompanied by accumulation of sub-G1 population. Base J likely contributes to DNA replication and cell-cycle control. I propose that the coordinated actions of H3v, H4v and J function in concert for cellular fate determination and provide compensatory mechanisms for each other in chromatin organization, transcription, and replication.