Intervention for early diabetic nephropathy by mesenchymal stem cells in a preclinical nonhuman primate model

Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most severe chronic diabetic complications and the main cause of end-stage renal disease. Chronic inflammation plays a key role in the development of DN. However, few treatment strategies are available; therefore, new and effective strategies to ameliorate DN at the early stage must be identified.