Psychosocial Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Patients with Anorectal Malformation and Hirschsprung Disease – A Qualitative Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Little is known about psychosocial and behavioral factors that impact the quality of life of patient's with anorectal malformations (ARM) and Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). We aimed to highlight the psychosocial, emotional, and behavioral themes that affect these patients. Methods A qualitative literature review of articles published between 1980 and 2019 was performed. Articles that reported quality of life (QoL) measures not directly related to bowel function and incorporated data on patients aged 0–21 years old were included. Data were separated based on distinct developmental time points. Results In the neonatal period, parents relayed uncertainty about the future and feeling overwhelmed by lack of social support. Difficulties with anxiety, peer rejection, and behavioral problems were noted in primary grades, while adolescents experienced low self-confidence, poor body image, and depression. Young adults expressed hesitancy to engage in romantic relationships or sexual activity. Lack of long-term follow-up, an incomplete transition to adult healthcare, and lack of psychology services leave young adults without guidance to manage a chronic condition. Conclusion Multiple psychosocial stressors are present in the lives of ARM and HSCR patients. Provision of developmentally matched medical, psychological, and community-based supports for ARM and HSCR patients and their families can lead to improved QoL.