VCSEL-based modules for optical interconnects

We present characteristics of 850-nm oxide confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) developed for applications in optical parallel data links and free- space optical interconnects. Low threshold currents of less than 200 (mu) A, wall-plug efficiencies approaching 30%, operating voltages of less than 2 V for 1 mW of optical power, and operation over a wide temperature range, up to 190 degree(s)C, are demonstrated. We optimized VCSEL arrays for operation at elevated temperatures for use in dense free- space interconnects. Excellent performance uniformity-optical power of 1 +/- 0.1 mW at a drive current of 3 mA-across a 20 X 20 array was achieved at 75 degree(s)C. We integrated 2D top emitting VCSEL arrays with top- illuminated metal-semiconductor-metal detectors for future use with CMOS integrated circuits. We discuss design issues encountered in VCSEL-based modules for optical interconnects.