Total Synthesis of GD3, A Ganglioside

On the basis of new methodology involving α-stereocontrolled sialylation using our 2-halo-3β-phenylthio-Neu5Ac and construction of Neu5Ac(α2-8)Neu5Ac due to differential reactivity between 2-chloro and 2-fluoro-Neu5Ac, we realized an efficient total synthesis of GD3.