Static recrystallization of pure titanium after cryo-deformation

Commercially-pure (CP) titanium was first processed via cryogenic deformation to activate high-density deformation twins, and was subsequently annealed at 500°C to induce static recrystallization (SRX). Two types of twins were mainly activated during cryogenic deformation, i.e., contraction twins and extension twins. Multiple point-like twins were also present because the growth of twins was remarkably impeded at the low temperature. During annealing the recrystallization mechanisms were identified to be and twinning induced SRX. The point-like twins could effectively promote the occurrence of SRX. The grains were significantly refined from ~40 to ~2.7 μm while a few and TBs still retained with the same twinning angle/axis relationship during annealing.