South African Biomes and Their Changes Over Time

A biome is the largest geographical unit used for biotic classification, based on plant and animal life in conjunction with climate. Here we introduce the biomes of South Africa, and illustrate their changes over time through the use of case studies. An historical context for this analysis is provided by summarising key national vegetation classification schemes, including the most recent classification of nine biomes. Each of these biomes is briefly introduced, describing their location, characteristics, climate, ecology and conservation importance. Longer-term vegetation changes linked to climate and human activity in the Succulent Karoo/Fynbos ecotone are explored using palaeoecological evidence. Recent bush encroachment in the grassy biomes is reviewed, drawing on results from a range of methodologies. Finally, we review future projections for the ecologically important Fynbos biome under anthropogenic climate change, based on bioclimatic modelling. These studies demonstrate the dynamic nature of South African biomes, and the range of natural and anthropogenic drivers which influence their composition and distributions.