Proactive versus reactive emotion regulation: A dual-mechanisms perspective

Emotion regulation (ER) relies on cognitive processing, but the foundational control mechanisms involved remain unclear. The process model of ER posits that different strategies occur at different points in time, with antecedent strategies occurring relatively early and response-focused strategies later in the affective time course. In parallel with this model, the dual mechanisms of control (DMC) theoretical framework proposes that cognitive control operates via 2 temporally distinct modes: anticipatory preparation to exert control (proactive control) and momentary cognitive engagement as the need arises (reactive control). However, empirical investigations of the role of proactive and reactive control in ER have been limited. In this article, we examine how ER processes can be characterized within the DMC framework, integrating these 2 theoretical perspectives. We first posit that any ER strategy may take place either prior or subsequent to onset of an emotional stimulus, depending on whether it is proactively or reactively enacted. Then, using reappraisal as an example, we discuss ER strategy use via both control modes. We further assert that proactive ER can be implemented in a global- or stimulus-dependent fashion and discuss how this implementation may affect the time course and cognitive load of ER strategies. We conclude by discussing how controlling for timing in future research may clarify how populations with reduced cognitive control may demonstrate intact ER (i.e., through greater reliance on reactive and/or global strategies) and how incorporation of the DMC perspective may inform ER interventions for clinical populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).