Numerical study of high performance, low hysteresis, and stable perovskite solar cells with examining the optimized parameters

A novel of quadruple-cation perovskite absorber has been studied. In this research, experimental current density–voltage (J -V ) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) curves of a 20.56%-efficient perovskite solar cell were simulated by the device simulator entitled Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). At first, uniform and single-graded models for band gap of the perovskite have been considered. The second model is closer to the experiment. Then, the efficiency of the solar cell was improved by studying the effects of electron and hole defect densities in the perovskite absorber and the effects of conduction and valence band offsets in both sides of perovskite absorber. Successively, the effects of doping concentration of hole and electron transport and the perovskite absorber layers, and finally the effects of capture cross section have been investigated. After optimizing the parameters, efficiency is reached to 29.07%.