Is direct-drinking water safe for children? An analysis of direct-drinking water quality and its risk factors in Shanghai elementary and middle schools.

BACKGROUND Drinking water quality for children should be higher than adults due to both behavioral and physiological factors. Thus, to provide enough, safe, and easily accessible drinking water for children at schools, the Shanghai Municipal Government initiated a direct-drinking water project in 2013. However, there has been no study so far to assess the quality of direct-drinking water or to investigate its risk factors in Shanghai elementary and middle schools. METHODS In the present study, we selected direct-drinking water equipment from 183 elementary and middle schools (17% of total) in Shanghai to detect the colony-forming units (CFU), residual chlorine, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and turbidity of water samples, and analyzed the risk factors of its quality using both simple and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS Results showed that the CFU, residual chlorine, COD, and turbidity of direct-drinking water in Shanghai elementary and middle schools ranged from 300 cfu/mL,

Keywords:

• Toilet
• Turbidity
• Water quality
• Water treatment
• Chemical oxygen demand
• warm water
• multiple linear regression analysis
• water temperature
• Toxicology
• Environmental science

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