Apolipoprotein C-I induces apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells via recruiting neutral sphingomyelinase

Objectives— Apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) influences lipoprotein metabolism, but little is known about its cellular effects in aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMC). Methods and Results— In cultured human ASMC, apoC-I and immunoaffinity purified apoC-I–enriched high-density lipoproteins (HDL) markedly induced apoptosis (5- to 25-fold), compared with control cells, apoC-I–poor HDL, and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) as determined by 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining and DNA ladder assay. Preincubation of cells with GW4869, an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase), blocked apoC-I–induced apoptosis, an effect that was bypassed by C-2 ceramide. The activity of N-SMase was increased 2- to 3-fold in ASMC by apoC-I, apoC-I–enriched HDL, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (positive control) after 10 minutes and then decreased over 60 minutes, which is a kinetic pattern not seen with controls, apoC-III, and apoC-I–poor HDL. ApoC-I and apoC-I–enriched HDL stimulated the generation of ceramide, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and activation of caspase-3 greater than that found in controls, apoC-III, and apoC-I–poor HDL. GW4869 inhibited apoC-I–induced production of ceramide and cytochrome c release. Conclusions— ApoC-I and apoC-I–enriched HDL activate the N-SMase-ceramide signaling pathway, leading to apoptosis in human ASMC, which is an effect that may promote plaque rupture in vivo.