Effects of liquid viscosity on inception of disturbance waves and droplets in gas–liquid annular two‐phase flow

The structure of gas–liquid two-phase flow is investigated in order to establish a reliable criterion for the development of disturbance waves and droplets considering the effects of liquid viscosity. The structure of the gas–liquid interface and the flow rate of droplets entrained in gas are measured simultaneously at five kinematic viscosities (1.0, 3.2, 9.9, 30, 70 mm2/s). The time-series traces of liquid film thickness measured by five holdup probes reveal that the inception of disturbance waves occurs at a liquid Reynolds number of 200 or a non-dimensional liquid film thickness of 6.5. It is also shown that droplets are generated before the inception of disturbance waves with increasing liquid kinematic viscosity at a liquid velocity of 0.02 to 0.03 m/s. As previously published criteria for the inception of droplets are found to be unsatisfactory, a new critical condition for droplet generation balancing the interfacial shear stress $τi$ with the wave height h and surface tension σ is proposed: $τih/σ=0.025$. This relation describes the action of shear force and surface tension on wave crests, and is notably independent of liquid viscosity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(8): 529–541, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20176