The association between leukocytes and sperm quality is concentration dependent

Background: To evaluate the association between leukocytes (polymorphonuclear granulocytes -PMNL) and semen parameters at different leukocyte concentrations. Methods: This was a retrospective clinical study at a university hospital andrology clinic. Semen samples from infertile men were analyzed for sperm morphology and motility according to seminal leukocytes (PMNL) concentration (category A: >0 to 0.25 to 0.5 to 0.75 to 1 × 10(6)/mL). Results: The percentage of sperm with normal morphology increased significantly from category A (14%) to category D (19%) but decreased in category E to levels (14%) similar to those in category A. Motility grades a and a+b (combined) also increased from category A (12%, 20%) to category D (18.0%, 28.5%) and decreased in category E (11%, 20.5%) to levels similar to those in category A. Sperm deformities and motility grades c and d increased progressively in all categories. Summary: Leukocytes had a positive association with normal morphology and progressive motility in semen samples at a concentration of 0-1 × 10(6)/mL. The findings suggest that the association between leukocytes (PMNL) and semen quality might be concentration dependent. Background The association between seminal leukocytes and semen quality is still a matter of debate in the literature. Leukocytospermia, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as more than 1 million leukocytes per millilitre, has an incidence of 10-20% in the general population and is especially common in infertile men. However, lower concentrations of seminal leukocytes (01×1 0 6 /mL) are still more widespread, and are seen