Intelligent swarm firefly algorithm for the prediction of China's national electricity consumption

China’s energy consumption is the world’s largest and is still rising, leading to concerns of energy shortage and environmental issues. It is, therefore, necessary to estimate the energy demand and to examine the dynamic nature of the electricity consumption. In this paper, we develop a nonlinear model of energy consumption and utilise a computational intelligence approach, specifcally a swarm frefly algorithm with a variable population, to examine China’s electricity consumption with historical statistical data from 1980 to 2012. Prediction based on these data using the model and the examination is verifed with a bivariate sensitivity analysis, a bias analysis and a forecasting exercise, which all suggest that the national macroeconomic performance, the electricity price, the electricity consumption efciency and the economic structure are four critical factors determining national electricity consumption. Actuate prediction of the consumption is important as it has explicit policy implications on the electricity sector development and planning for power plants.