Submerged Coral Reefs in the Veracruz Reef System, Mexico, and its implications for marine protected area management

Abstract Submerged coral reefs (SCRs) are found on the continental shelves of the tropical regions of the world. Unlike shallow reefs, such submerged structures have been little studied in the world despite their ecological importance. We present the results of several explorations carried out between 2015 and 2017 in the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park (SAVNP) and surrounding areas, which account for the presence of 18 SCRs both inside and outside the National Park. The location of these reefs was based on user information, literature and official documents. Through the use of echo sounder, the dimensions and morphological conformation of the reefs were identified. The protection of submerged coral reefs in the SAVPN is limited. They are not fully considered in the MPA creation decrees, and most of them are located in areas assigned to artisanal fisheries. Connectivity, fisheries, port activities and the lack of scientific information are issues to be attended by environmental authorities to guarantee the protection of these ecosystems.