Highly mobile twinned interface in 10 M modulated Ni–Mn–Ga martensite: Analysis beyond the tetragonal approximation of lattice

Abstract The huge strains that Ni–Mn–Ga magnetic shape memory alloys can achieve are usually described in a tetragonal unit cell approximation of a five-layered modulated (10 M) crystal structure. Here we analyze the impact of a slight orthorhombic and monoclinic distortion of the 10 M structure in Ni 50.2 Mn 28.3 Ga 21.5at.% single crystal. Combining dedicated experiments to probe the microstructure, structure and mechanical properties with calculation using elastic continuum theory, we prove the existence of fine a / b -laminates within modulation macrotwins of the order of 100 micrometers in size. This complex twin microstructure containing a Type II macrotwin interface is associated with an extraordinarily low twinning stress of between 0.05 and 0.3 MPa, while Type I twins exhibit twinning stress of about 1 MPa. The findings provide important guidelines for designing the martensitic microstructure for more efficient actuators.