Applications of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology for Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment

Nowadays, water pollution and freshwater scarcity have become a serious problem worldwide, causing concerns to both public health and the environment. To reduce these challenges, various treatment technologies have been adopted. Among these technologies, nanotechnology- and biotechnology-based techniques are usually applied separately for water (domestic purposes) and wastewater (reuse) treatment. This chapter focuses on new and emerging nano- and biotechnologies for the sustainable removal of pollution causing constituents during water and wastewater treatment. Besides, the toxicological and safety aspects of different nanotechnologies and their current and future perspectives are discussed.