A Framework and Indicators of Resilience

As an introduction of this book, we first examine the definitions and scopes of resilience and concepts of a resilient city using an extensive literature review. We then employ the concept and framework of assessing a resilient city and develop its indicators. Consequently, we define a resilient city as being capable of responding to multiple environmental risks, and we assume that a combination of precautionary, adaptive, and transformative measures is required according to the degree of external forces (risks or stresses). We introduce the policy model based on the assumption that the state of implementation and preparation of resilience measures is governed by three major elements: risks of external forces, vulnerabilities, and situations to be avoided. The policy model also includes three types of indicators—urban, citizen, and administrative indicators—which measure the state of each element of the policy model.