Suppression of charge order and exchange bias effect in Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 nanocrystalline

An Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 (NCMO) sample (average diameter ~45 nm) is synthesized by the sol–gel method. The temperature dependence of magnetization indicates that the charge order state is suppressed and a ferromagnetic (FM) transition occurs at ~100 K. In addition, the magnetic hysteresis loop at 10 K under a cooling field of 10 kOe shifts to both the horizontal and the vertical directions when the measure field is 10 kOe. With an increase in the measure field, both the horizontal and the vertical shifts decrease. When the measure field is 50 kOe, the vertical shift vanishes but the horizontal shift still exists. The observed exchange bias effect is attributed to the exchange coupling between the antiferromagnetic core and the FM shell which embodies spin glass-like surface layers.