Formulas for Source Depth Estimation from Multipath Arrivals in Deep Water

This article presents formulas to calculate the source depth based on the arrival angle and time delay between the direct and surface-refracted arrivals measured in deep water from a broadband signal. Using the formulas, the data autocorrelation is transformed to a correlation sequence as a function of assumed source depth, which can be simply averaged over a long time to estimate the source depth in a noisy environment. Both the simulated and real data verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.